Education Of Gifted Children Essay Example For Students

Education Of Gifted Children Essay Started in the 1970s, Americas Gifted Talented programs are used to enhance the curriculum of students included in either category in order to challenge and strengthen their unique abilities. These students are usually provided a separate class with specialized lessons in all areas and a teacher with a special degree in gifted education. I feel that it is important that the teacher was a gifted student who would know what the students must face as above average members of their school. The job market for gifted education offers a wide range of opportunity and gifted teachers are needed all over the country.One of the earliest programs for gifted and talented students was set up in 1974, at The Old Donation Center, in Virginia Beach. Students scoring within the top 3% of students on an assessment test are referred here to be further challenged. These students are considered gifted and have special teachers and classes to promote development of their talents and minds. We will write a custom essay on Education Of Gifted Children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Programs like this began to pop up around the nation in the 70s; however, gifted students were looked down upon by teachers, parents, and peers. Many people considered them to be freaks because they were different. They didnt understand the implications of the terms gifted and talented. Most people simply expected gifted students to act more mature or to be geniuses, even though gifted students are the same as other children in their needs as human beings. Some gifted students were forced to grow up too fast and some simply ignored the fact that they were smarter than others, thus, they were lost in the shuffle. The irony of it all is that gifted-ness seems to run in families and the children of these repressed gifted students are, themselves, gifted.But what exactly is a gifted student? Students (elementary secondary) are given a repertoire of tests. These tests check IQ, psychomotor ability, specific academic aptitude/talent, creative and productive thinking, leadership ability, and skills in the visual and performing arts. The main requirement, the IQ, is tested by a standardized IQ test (remember, however, that IQ tests are not always perfectly accurate). Ratings are given to each bracket of IQ scores:85-99 Lower normal100-114 Upper normal115-129 Bright130-144 Gifted145-159 Highly gifted160+ Above profoundly giftedIf a student receives a rating of gifted or higher (130+), he/she is considered to be a gifted student and is introduced into the designated programs. These students are given the opportunity to choose classes that are meant to teach them how to use their minds for critical thinking, reasoning, and artistic pursuits. Students in these classes are also exposed to culture, literature, and other subject areas that are not usually covered in what they term normal classes. The gifted classes are mainly in an open format allowing the student to create the parameters of his/her work and allowing them to be creative in their learning experience. Each class is presided-over by a teacher that has specialized degrees in gifted education. Almost every school in the United States has a need for a gifted class, making job opportunities endless; there are never enough.Gifted teachers must have both a degree in education (secondary or elementary) and a degree in special education (gifted). These teachers are individuals that must have stamina, people skills, and open minds. It is also important (to the students) that the teacher himself/herself was also classified as gifted. It sets a common bond, shows them that the teacher understands the problems they face as so-called smart kids. These students are often ridiculed by their peers and looked-down upon by their teachers. They are often separated from others their age by a barrier that can only be described as their intelligence. This is why, often, gifted teachers have degrees in administration, counseling, or psychology. All teachers that I interviewed told me that a continually upgraded education is a must (as are additional degrees). In order to keep up with the students one must attend seminars, workshops, special classes, etc. .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457 , .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457 .postImageUrl , .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457 , .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457:hover , .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457:visited , .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457:active { border:0!important; } .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457:active , .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457 .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e43241927492d393df3a65d9702b457:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AIDS/HIV Essay There is no end to the amount of education that could help you to understand gifted students and the role of their teacher. Also, if a teacher has extra educational qualifications, he/she could be asked to step up to the position of administrator or, more often, counselor. This means pay raises. Though the average salary for teachers is approximately $27,500 per year, it is a worthwhile undertaking according to Jane Mansueto, It is incredible to work with gifted students. They are incredible! She went on to remark that it is fascinating to imagine that they are of the same level of intelligence as the teacher and what they must be feeling inside. She feels that the students are not bothered by what their peers think, but actually tend to understand that others opinions mean little compared to their own. Mrs. Mansueto taught at Elm Grove Middle School for 5 years. She commented on her role as a gifted teacher to consist of one part mentorship, one part hardship, and one part friendship. When asked what kind of hours she keeps, she laughed and asked if she was supposed to have time off. According to Mrs. Mansueto, unlike a normal teacher, a gifted teacher has no books to go by or preset material to teach, or, for that matter, a preset subject to teach. They are given a blank page and, using input from students, must draw up lessons from every subject area and constantly challenge the inquisitive minds of the gifted. Jane Mansueto attended Trinity College where she majored in both elementary education and gifted education. Her favorite part of being a gifted teacher is being with the students, working hand in hand with them to plan and carry out projects and trips. Though the pay is average, and there is not much room to be promoted if you wish to remain in the classroom, gifted teaching has its personal rewards. Jeff Simpleton, a gifted teacher as well as a former gifted student, states, I really think that by being gifted, I am in touch with what they have to go through. They know that I can understand. Mr. Simpletons class consists of 6 high school students, who have many problems due to the intelligence barrier and a kind of isolation that has built up over the years between themselves and their classmates. They seem to feel that they have a reputation that they must live up to. The students try to please everyone they push themselves with sheer motivation and determination and drive. Mr. Simpleton feels that this is what makes them so great. He feels hat anyone with a sense of adventure and a need for something new day after day would find teaching a gifted class to be the perfect job for them. Gifted teachers are important to the development of their students minds. They are understanding individuals who must work hard to make the curriculum interesting and challenging. With the proper education it is possible to go far as a teacher of the gifted.Works CitedVarious Internet sites. No info available for documentation.Meckstroth, Elizabeth A., Stephanie S. Tolan, James T. Webb. Guiding the Gifted Child: A Practical Source for Parents and Teachers, et al. Gifted Psychology Pr, March 1989.Montgomery, Diane. Educating the Able (Special Needs in Ordinary Schools). Cassell Academic, April 1996.

How and why has Windsor Castle developed since 1080 Essay Example

How and why has Windsor Castle developed since 1080 Paper Windsor Castle is over 900 years old and is the oldest and largest inhabited castle in the world. Windsor has changed a great deal over that period of time, from a wooden Motte and Bailey castle, to a medieval fortress, to the world famous tourist attraction and home to the royal family that it is today. In this essay I will look at the ways in which Windsor Castle has developed and changed over the last 9 centuries. Historians believe that Windsor Castle was built around the year 1080, over 900 years ago, when William the conqueror was in power. William was a French man, and won the throne and became King of England by wining the famous battle of Hastings. He built Windsor Castle originally as a Motte and Bailey castle. Motte and Bailey castles were very simple; wooden keeps built on an earth mounds that were surrounded at the base with an area that armies could live in. Source A shows a Motte and Bailey castle and its various parts. Motte and Baileys had advantages and disadvantages, on one side they were quick and easy to build and the materials used to build them were also cheap and widely available. We will write a custom essay sample on How and why has Windsor Castle developed since 1080 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How and why has Windsor Castle developed since 1080 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How and why has Windsor Castle developed since 1080 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Very simple Motte and Baileys were constructed in as little as a week, depending on how many workers there were and the weather etc. On the other hand, they were lonely, smelly, cold place. They also were prone to collapse and rot. They were made from earth and wood, so when they got wet, they reeked, and as they were made of wood they burned easily. Windsor was an atypical castle in that it was built on a Motte (the mound) that was already there, naturally formed, it also had two baileys, (the part where armies lived at the base) which made it unusual . The advantages of Windsor were the river Thames on the doorstep and the woodlands at the rear. Windsor was originally built so that the King could keep control of his people. As he had taken the throne by force, he was not very popular in England, so he built a ring of castles around London so as to watch over his subjects and make sure they didnt revolt, and if they did, he would have an early warning from the soldiers based in the Motte and Baileys. One of which was Windsor. The castles were spread out in a formation very similar to the M25 today. During the late Middle Ages warfare increased, so Windsor Castle had to be strengthened. This was done in many ways. Henry the second had the castle rebuilt in stone, to make it stronger in 1160. He added a stone curtain wall around the castle and also the first round stone tower of Windsor inside a reinforced shell wall on the original Motte. This took until approximately 1179. Next Henry III turned the rest of the rectangular towers to round ones as they were easier to defend and attacks ricocheted off their rounded sides more easily than rectangular towers. Edward III went on the build the Norman Gateway (source B) He also built St Georges chapel, which is the place of worship at Windsor Castle which is now a memorial to King Henry VIII added murder holes to the Norman Gateway during his reign. Murder holes are holes in the ceiling of a gateway or passage way (in this case a gateway) through which defenders could fire weapons, or pour dangerous substances, boiling oil was a favourite, onto their attackers. They could also throw rocks, shoot arrows, or pour heated sand/water down on their enemies heads. During the 17th Century civil war broke out in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists. During the war Windsor Castle was used as a jail by the Parliamentarians. The castle was captured by Oliver Cromwell after the battle of Edgehill in 1642 and was the Parliamentarian Headquarters as well as a prison until the end of the war. After his father Charles I was executed following being held at Windsor Charles II decided to change the castle, by making it as lavish as possible. He changed it to a baroque palace; baroque is a style of art and music, a baroque palace is fantastically over decorated, ornate, using irregular shapes etc, it is also often described as gothic style. By the 19th Century and the reign of George IV there was no warfare at all. The king changed Windsor to a fairytale castle. He raised the round tower, plus adding additional towers and battlements. He also added the George IV gateway and took his residence there in 1828. In 1863 the roof of the round tower was restored and its shape was changed to a cone. It was also used as a refuge by Queen Victoria after her beloved husband Albert died, she had a mausoleum constructed for Albert and herself, laying the first stone of the foundations herself, she spent the rest of her life making it as beautiful as she could for him. After this, it was turned into a tourist attraction. It remains a working castle and is still one of the Queens residencies. In 1992 a fire destroyed 1/5 of the floor space an area of about 9,000 mi. The restoration of the castle was not complete for five years, and was completed in 1997, 70% of the money used to restore Windsor was raised by the idea to open it to the public for the first time. Some of the rooms damages by the fire were so damaged that they had to be completely redesigned, contributing more to the changes, they were decorated in a somewhat gothic style, similar to when Windsor was a baroque palace. Windsor Castle has changed a lot over the almost 1000 years it has been in operation, but there are a few things which havent ever changed; Windsor has never changed sites, even when it was a small Motte Bailey castle back in roughly 1080. It has also never fallen into disrepair, many castles over time were abandoned and left to crumble away, but over nearly 10 decades, the changes that Windsor has undergone can be separated into types. Political, Social and Technological. The political changes are things such as Windsor being turned to stone, this was a decision made by the King, Henry II at the time, due to the increased warfare in England during the middle-ages, Windsor being used as a jail during the civil war in the 1600s this was a political change because the war was between two political groups; the Parliamentarians and the Royalists, Windsor was changed twice more, to a baroque palace by Charles II then to a fairytale castle by George IV, these changes are political because as the Kings changed so did the castle as they wanted different things, some wanted a defensive castle while others wanted a lavish place to live , A social change is a change that happened to do with society / people and example of this is the reason why William built the castle in the first place; to stop them revolting, Windsor was also changed because Charles I was beheaded there, this still effects the castle today as there are many kings queens buried there, adding t o the things that people come to see. Finally some examples of technological changes are Windsor being changed to stone (as well as a political change) as it went from being wooden to stone, Henry VIII added murder holes to the Norman gateway, George IV added the cone shaped roof and the rectangular tower being changed to what it now. Windsor castle has undergone many changes over the nearly 1000 years since its construction, from a Motte Bailey, to a stone keep from a prison to a fairytale castle as now a partial royal residency and world famous tourist attraction.

Debate Topics for the High School Classroom

Debate Topics for the High School Classroom Debates are a great way for students to get involved in class. Students have to research topics, prepare for the debate with their team, and think on their feet as they practice public speaking. Learning how to debate does more than improve speaking skills; it also makes for better listeners. As a result, students are better prepared  for college and the diverse career world beyond.   Joseph Joubert â€Å"It is better to debate a question without settling it than to settle a question without debating it.† (1896) The following list of 50 debate topics  is for use in high school classrooms. While some of these are specifically written for a particular part of the curriculum, others can be modified or used in a number of different classes. Each item is listed as a proposition that one side (student or team) argues to defend while the other side (student or team) argues to oppose. 1:53 Watch Now: Ideas for Great Classroom Debate Topics Science and Technology Human cloning  should be banned.Renewable forms of energy should be subsidized by the government.The U.S. government should fund a space mission to Mars.Social media comments should be protected by free speech.Parents should be allowed to choose their babys gender.Animal testing should be banned.The U.S. government should provide internet service for every citizen.Video games are too violent. Politics and Government America should be able to provide foreign aid to countries that kill  endangered animals.It is never appropriate for the government to restrict freedom of speech.Democracy is the best form of government.All citizens who do not vote should pay a fine.The right to bear arms is a necessary constitutional amendment.Progressive tax rates are unfair.The voting age should be lowered.The driving age should be raised.A border fence should be constructed between the U.S. and Mexico.America should not give foreign aid to other countries.Drone attacks against specific targets are a necessary part of modern warfare.Affirmative action should be abolished. Social Issues Partial-birth abortion should be illegal.All parents should be required to attend parenting classes before having a child.All people should be vegetarians.Mixed martial arts  should be banned.The  death penalty  should be abolished.Sports stars should be positive role models.People should be fined for not recycling.Performance-enhancing drugs should be allowed in sports. Education All students should have an after-school job.Every student should be required to take a performing arts course.Homework should be banned.School uniforms should be required.Year-round education is not a good idea for student learning.Physical education should be required of all students throughout high school.All students should be required to perform one year of community service.Schools should block YouTube.Students should be able to leave school for lunch.Single-sex schools are better for students.Schools should punish cyberbullying that occurs outside of school.Teachers should not be allowed to contact students through social media.Public prayer should not be allowed in schools.High-stakes state testing should be abolished.Poetry should be removed from the curriculum.History (or another subject) is an important subject in school.Schools should not be allowed to track students by academic level.Students should be required to pass algebra to graduate.Students should not be graded on their handwriting. All students should take an online course.The theory of Intelligent design should be taught in science classes.

Thinkertoys Week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thinkertoys Week 4 - Essay Example By dint of a comprehensive and thoughtful planning, the company jumped from seventh position to second position in the market. Michalko has defined steps to be applied by a company in order to turn out successful even at the most unfavorable situation. The same is being adopted by the researcher in the present research, which is as following: Since I tend to start my own consultancy, after completing my graduation in business administration, in order to provide the young people with counseling regarding career selection, I plan the following possible scenario for starting my career: I will start my consultancy at the heart of the city, where commercial activities are at boom; so that I could capture the attention of the visiting clients too along with the clientele out of my personal relationship. In case I find difficulty in finding out possible clientele, I will shift my office from commercial zone to the area adjacent to the colleges and universities, so that fresh graduates and students could discover a career counseling consultancy in their area. I will also examine the market scenario and will assess whether I am working under perfect competition or monopolistic competition. I will revise my business strategy time and again on the foundation of business environment. Since business administration degree provides its graduates with the opportunity of working in numerous fields, I may start working in the fields of real estate, advertising, marketing and others. Since I strongly believe in hard work and honesty, I will never escape from my duties and obligations towards others. I will work diligently for the promotion of my business as well as obtaining dexterity in my skills and abilities. I will not confined my thinking to myself alone; rather, I will consult the specialists, professionals and experts regarding my thoughts and

Closing the Output Gap in the United Kingdom Essay

Closing the Output Gap in the United Kingdom - Essay Example Of course, actual output is the recorded GDP of a given time that can be in nominal or real values. The nominal value refers to the prefers of the GDP synchronic to the prices or price reference of a given year while the real GDP can be valued in terms of a base or a reference prices of a reference year. Dornbush et al. (2008, p. 15) explained that the concept of an output gap provides a way of measuring the magnitude of the cyclical deviations of actual output from the potential output. The concept â€Å"potential output† is also interchangeable with the term â€Å"trend output† (Dornbusch et al. 2008, p. 15). From the economic perspective of Dornbusch et al., the output gap is negative during a recession and positive during an expansion (2008, p. 15). In a recession, resources are unemployed and actual output is below potential output. In contrast, during a positive gap or expansion, workers overtime and machineries are utilized more than the usual (Dornbusch 2008, p. 15). Positive gap or expansion is also known as an economic recovery (Dornbusch 2008, p. 15). For Mankiw (2006, p. 425), potential output or full employment output is more accurately the natural rate of output because â€Å"it shows what the economy produces when the unemployment is at its natural or normal rate†. At the same time, Mankiw pointed out that â€Å"the natural rate of output is the level of production toward which the economy gravitates in the long run† (2004, p. 425). According to classical viewpoint, the potential output or the natural rate of output depends on labour, capital, natural resources, and technological knowledge and, therefore, shifts in the potential output or natural rate of output depend on changes in the said variables (Mankiw 2004, p. 425). An output gap can promote price volatility.  

Streptozotocin (STZ) Induced Diabetes Experiment

Streptozotocin (STZ) Induced Diabetes Experiment MATERIALS AND METHODS 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Animal Selection and Care STZ induced diabetes are commonly performed in Male Wistar Kyoto rats. In these models, male Wistar rats at 8 weeks of age (200–300 g) are selected from animal supply facility of SGPGIMS Lucknow, and house in a 12-h light, 12-h dark cycle environment, temperature 25 °C, with standard rat diet and water in metabolic cages for one week prior to STZ treatments. The study had clearance from Institute animal ethics committee. 3.2 Study Design Wistar Rat (Preparation and Validation of animal model of DN) 50 mg/kg STZ induced Diabetic Rat (n=3) Normal Rat (n=3) After 8th week rat are sacrificed for validation of Diabetic nephropathy 3.3 Induction and Validation of Diabetes by Streptozotocin There is a lack of appropriate animal model that could spontaneously develop DN. It has been a significant limitation to find out specific factors that is underlying this disease and also the development of new therapeutic methods or strategies to prevent progressive renal disease in diabetes (Morcelo A. Nobrega et. al. 2004). Most Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats are used as model for performing STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy. Here, in these models, 8 weeks old male rats (200-250gm) are starved or kept on fasting for 18hrs and after that STZ was injected intraperitoneal (WKY-50mg/kg, SD-55mg/kg and SHR-45mg/kg) with sodium citrate buffer (1ml/kg) (Ma G et. al. 2004 and Cooper ME et. al. 1988). STZ given here intraperitoneally to the rats, however, it is a very less common procedure as intravenous injections are comparatively easy to perform in rats and give more reliable results. In addition to the STZ dosage required for inducing diabetes via an intraperitoneal route is relatively higher as compared to other route. After giving STZ, the rats should be given ample amount of drinking water with sucrose for 48 hrs (15g/L), to avoid early mortality of rats as stored insulin is released from damaged pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. After completion of 1 week of STZ induction, the rats must be assessed for hyperglycaemia and also those with fasting blood glucose of over 280 mg/dl (15 mmol/L), which is usually around 90%, and it should be included in the studies of diabetic nephropathy. In order to prevent subsequent development of ketone uria, subsequent injections of long-acting insulin (approx. 2-4 U/rat) should be given daily to maintain the blood glucose levels in a desirable range(300-600 mg/dl, 16-33 mmol/l) (Davis BJ et. al. 2003). Studies exploring the effects of treatment on the development of DN should not be underway until at least 3 weeks after STZ when the kidneys have improved from the acute mild nephrotoxic effects of STZ (Kraynak AR et . al. 1995) This drug i.e., STZ has been shown to induce a diabetic state in 72 hrs (3 days) as documented by examining tail blood samples using a Glucometer (Optimum Exceed) Diabetic animals and non-diabetic control group were kept in metabolic cages individually and separately and under feeding and metabolism control. Glucose in the blood of diabetic rats exceeded that of the non-diabetic control ones. Food consumption was measured in terms of (gm), water consumption was measured in terms of (ml) and urine volume was measured in terms of (ml) on a daily basis and glucose in blood serum were also measured, so that chemical diabetes was verified in rats injected with Streptozotocin. 3.4 Estimation of Creatinine Modified Jaffe’s method was used for colorimetric estimation of creatinine concentration in urine samples. Principle: Creatinine + picric acid Creatinine picrate (Yellow) (Orange) The resultant orange color is measured colorimetrically. However, the intensity of the resultant orange color is directly proportional to the concentration of creatinine in the sample. Method: Draw the Blood from a vein and then transferred into the vial. Centrifuge the blood for 10 minutes and Serum is obtained. Separate out the serum in different eppendrofs. The concentration of creatinine is calculated in the serum sample using the Jaffe’s method, as follows: In a clean dry test tube add 0.5 ml distilled water (blank) or serum (test), add 0.5 ml NaOH and then 0.5 ml picric acid. Mix all the contents of each tube. Left to stand for 15 minutes. The absorbance is measured at ÃŽ »max 500 nm. If a standard creatinine solution (0.55 mg/dl) has an absorbance value of 0.30, then the concentration of creatinine in the provided serum sample is calculated by using the following equation: Ctest = Cstd x 3.5 Estimation of Urinary Albumin Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of rat albumin in serum, plasma or urine. Other biological fluids that contain Rat Albumin, such as faeces or saliva, may be suitable samples. 3.5.1 Principle: The antigen present in urine sample are allowed to stick to a poly vinyl and then plate is washed to separate antigen and antibodies from remaining sample components. To this plate a corresponding second antibody is added to get fixed to the already adhered first antigen in the plate. To this added second antibody, an enzyme is also tagged is that, when a suitable substrate is added, the enzyme reacts with it to produce a colour. This colour produced is measurable as a function or quantity of antigen present in the urine sample and there by identified. 3.5.2 Chemical and material required: 96-well plate ELISA Coating Buffer ELISA Wash Solution ELISA Blocking Buffer Sample/Conjugate Diluent (ELISA Blocking Buffer + Tween 20) 10% Tween 20 Enzyme Substrate, TMB ELISA Stop Solution Additional Materials Required: Ultrapure water Precision pipettors, with disposable plastic tips Polypropylene, polyethylene or glass tubes to prepare standard and samples Containers to prepare buffers An aspiration device or an automated 96-well plate washer Disposable reagent reservoirs A standard microtiter plate reader for measuring absorbance at 450 nm 3.5.3 Procedure: Added 100  µl of diluted coating antibody to each well. Samples were run in duplicate. Incubated at room temperature (20-25 C) for 1 hour. Washed plate FIVE times. Added 200  µl of Blocking Solution to each well. Incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Washed plate FIVE times. Added 100  µl of standard or sample to well. Incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Washed plate FIVE times. Added 100  µl of diluted HRP detection antibody to each well. Incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Washed plate FIVE times. Added 100  µl of TMB Substrate Solution to each well. Developed the plate in the dark at room temperature for 15 minutes. Reaction was stopped by adding 100  µl of Stop Solution to each well. Absorbance was measured on a plate reader at 450 nm. 3.5.4 Precautions: Store all reagents at 2-8 ºC. Do not freeze reagents. All reagents must be at room temperature (20-25  ºC) before use. Vigorous plate washing is essential. Use new disposable pipette tips for each transfer to avoid cross-contamination. Minimize lag time between wash steps to ensure the plate does not become Completely dry during the assay. Avoid microbial contamination of reagents and equipment. Automated plate Washers can easily become contaminated thereby causing assay variability. Take care not to contaminate the TMB Solution. Do not expose TMB Substrate solution to glass, foils, or metal. If the solution is blue before use, do not use it 3.6 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Rats are fasted overnight (12-16 hours) before the test, sedated rats, will be given 50 % dextrose (3ml/kg body weight) intraperitoneally. Whole blood will be collected from the tail vein at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after the administered of glucose for the measurement of glucose with a glucometer. 3.6.1 Material Required: Glucometer and glucose strips Dextrose Gauge needles Timer and Pen Table of mice for record keeping of glucose values 3.6.2 Preparations before the test: Weigh the animals before the test. The animals are fasted overnight (approximately 16 hours: 5 pm to 9 am). Place each of the animals in a separate fresh cage with no food, but make sure they have water bottles. Make sure that there is no activity in the animal room before and while you are performing the test. Prepare the glucose solution the night before the test. 3.6.3 Procedure: After the overnight fast, blood glucose was determined (time 0) in a drop of blood as following: Rats were placed on top of the cage (let it hold onto the grid). The tail tip was pricked with a needle, wiped off the tail tip with gauze, and the next drop of blood was used for the determination of glucose with a glucometer. Glucose solution was given orally. Blood glucose was determined at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the administration of glucose. For the determination of glucose at each of these time points collected a drop of blood as following: wiped the cut end of the tail to break any blood clot that had formed and collected the next drop of blood. If the blood does not appear spontaneously â€Å"milk† the tail by holding the tail between your thumb and index finger and move along the tail from the base of the tail to the tip of the tail while applying gentle pressure. 3.7 Assessment of Renal Histopathological Injury 3.7.1 Tissue preparation for histology: After 8 weeks the rats were weighed, sacrificed out in accordance to the Institutional animal ethics committee by using suitable anaesthetic agent (Ketamine) and their kidneys were taken out. Left kidneys were perfusion fixed for Histopathological and IHC studies and right kidneys were freezed immediately for western blotting and RT-PCR. Preparation of paraffin blocks of kidney: Kidneys were preserved in Para- formaldehyde is taken out in a glass slab for sectioning. A two cross section of upper half of kidney was done with sterile blade for paraffin embedding. The whole process for preparation of paraffin blocks took two days. Day first: The Formalin fixed kidneys were picked up and place in plastic cassettes was sequentially dipped in alcohol for dehydration. The schedule is as followed: 50% Alcohol →1.5hrs 70%Alcohol →1 hrs. 80% Alcohol →1 hrs. 90% Alcohol →1hrs 100% Alcohol →1hrs (twice) The cassette containing the tissue was left overnight in 100% absolute alcohol. Day Second: On 2nd day we perform the following treatment to tissue containing cassette Cassette was removed from 100% alcohol and dipped for CHCl3 treatments Chloroform (A) 1.5 hours. Chloroform (B) 1.5 hours. Chloroform (C) 1.5 hours. The cassette was then kept in melted paraffin wax (at 58 °C 65 °C in water bath) following two changes of paraffin wax for proper blocking. The steel chocks are kept at the 65 °C electronic heater and the paraffin treated kidney in plastic cassettes are opened and place in pre-heated steel chocks together with melted paraffin wax and closed with cassette. Block was kept at room temperature to solidify the melted wax. The paraffin block containing tissue was sectioned with microtome. The block was fit properly in the Microtome machine 5 µ sections were cut. 3.8 Periodic Schiff’s Acid (PAS) Staining 3.8.1 Principle: PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) is a method of staining used for the detection of polysaccharides i.e., glycogen and mucosubstances that is glycoprotein’s and glycolipids. PAS stain is a histochemical reaction. In the reaction, periodic acid oxidises vicinal diols in these sugar. It oxidized the aldehyde formed by carbon-carbon bonding that react with fuchsin-sulphurous acid and forms the magenta colour. This periodic acid exposes the glycogen to give a colouring product. The Schiff’s reagent is a very specific agent that only reacts with the carboxylic group compounds. Material required: Glass slides and cover slips Poly Lysine (Sigma Aldrich, USA) Xylene Graduated Alcohol (30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%) Periodic acid Schiff Reagent Haematoxylin Acid alcohol (1% HCl in 70% alcohol) DPX mountant 3.8.3 Protocol for PAS Staining: Keep the Poly-Lysine coated slides on hot plate for 15-20 min. Dip in warm Xylene for 10 min twice. Pass the slide through graded alcohol 100% alcohol- (10 minutes) twice 90% alcohol (5 minutes) 70% alcohol (5 minutes) 50% alcohol (5 minutes) 30% alcohol (5 minutes) Dip in distilled water for 5 min. Place the slide containing section into 0.5 % Periodic acid for 5 minutes. Rinse with distilled water. Schiff Reagent was added for 10 min until deep magenta colour appear. Wash in running tap water for 5 min. Counter stain in haematoxylin Rinse with distilled water. If high stain come, then wash with acid alcohol (1% HCl+70% alcohol) Wash the slide in tap water. Dehydrate in alcohol, and dry the slides. After drying mount the slides by DPX mountant. Masson’s Trichrome Staining 3.9.1 Principle: MT Staining method is used to demonstrate the increase of collagen in diseases. This method of staining uses three dyes of contrasting colours for the selective staining of basic tissue components i.e., muscle, collagen fibers, fibrin, and erythrocytes. The general phenomenon of trichome staining is that smallest dye molecule colours or stains the less porous tissues. However, the penetration of dye of larger molecular size is depends on the expense of small molecules. Some others suggests that the acid dye firstly stained the tissue then the Biebrich Scarlet will binds with the acidophilic components of the tissue, after which when treated with the phosphor acids, the components that are less permeable will retain the red colour, because of the collagen this red colour is pulled out and at the same point of time causing a link with the collagen to bind with the aniline blue. . At the outset it must be made clear that the methods control how ionised acid dyes react with ionised basic tissues. 3.9.2 Material required: Bouin’s solution Xylene Graduated Alcohol (30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%) Weigert’s iron hematoxylin solution Biebrich scarlet acid fusin phosphomolybedic-phosphotungustic acid solution Aniline blue solution 3.9.3 Protocol for MT Staining: Keep the Poly-Lysine coated slides on hot plate for 15-20 min. Dip in warm Xylene for 10 min twice. Pass the slide through graded alcohol 100% alcohol- (10 minutes) twice 90% alcohol (5 minutes) 70% alcohol (5 minutes) 50% alcohol (5 minutes) 30% alcohol (5 minutes) Dip in distilled water for 5 min. For formalin fixed tissue, re-fix in Bouin’s Solution for 30 minutes to 1 hr. at 56 ºC to improve the staining quality although this step is not necessary. Rinse in running tap water for 5-10 minutes to remove the yellow color. Stain in Weigert’s iron hematoxylin working solution for 10 minutes. Rinse in running warm tap water for 10 minutes. Wash in D/W Stain with Biebrich Scarlet Acid Fusin for 5 minutes. Differentiate in phosphophosphomolybedic-phosphotungustic acid solution for 10-15 minutes. Transfer the section directly (without rinse) to aniline blue solution and stain for 5-10 minutes. Rinse directly in D/W and differentiate in 1% Acetic acid solution for 2 minutes. Rinse slides, dehydrate through Alcohol Clean slides in xylene Mount with DPX mountant. NoteNuclei-Black, Muscle Fibre-Red, Collagen-Blue, Cytoplasm-Red Modified Immunohistochemistry 3.10.1 Principle: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the process whereby antibodies are used to detect proteins (antigens) in cells within a tissue section (for instance liver, pancreas or the heart). Immunohistochemistry exploits the principle that in biological tissues antibody binds to the specific antigens. This tool is used to localize specific antigens in tissue sections with labelled antibodies based on antigen-antibody interactions. This antigen-antibody interaction can be visualized in number of ways i.e., the immune reactive products can be visualized by a marker including fluorescent dyes, enzymes in general; radioactive elements or colloidal gold. This IHC technique is widely used by the researcher in basic research for understanding the differentially expressed proteins and for the localization and distribution of biomarkers in different- different parts of biological tissues. 3.10.2 Material required: Poly-Lysine coated slide. Xylene 1X- PBS buffer.(Sigma Aldrich Inc., USA) Graduated Alcohol (30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%) DPX mountant for microscopy Acid alcohol (1% HCl in 70% alcohol) citrate buffer Sodium Borohydrate Hydrogen Peroxide Blocking solution Primary antibody Secondary antibody Streptovidin HRP 3.10.3 Protocol for Modified Immunohistochemistry: Cut the section of 3 to 5  µm. Warm the slide on hot plate (55 °c) for 30’. Dip the slide in warm Xylene twice for 10 minutes. Wash the slides three times in TBS or PBS for 5 minutes each. Dehydration using 100% Alcohol twice for 10 minutes each and 90, 80, 40, 50 and 30 percent for 5’ each in coupling jar. Wash thrice in TBS or PBS for 5 minutes each. Antigen retrieval -10 minutes for 98 °c in citrate buffer pH-6 (Note: 0.294 gm in 100 ml MQ with pH=6, 1 10mm citrate buffer) Here we are using pressure cooker for Antigen retrieval Cool the citrate Buffer slides. Give the Sodium Borohydrate treatment in coupling jar (To remove Background). (Dark Condition) (Note:- 1% NaBH4) Wash slides thrice in TBS or PBS for 5 minute each. Hydrogen Peroxide Blocking (3% H2O2 in Methanol or water –Dip the slides in it and keep it for 30’). Wash thrice in TBS or PBS for 5 minutes each. Blocking solution[0.3% Triton X and 5% sheep serum in 1xPBS or 1xTBS] For 2ml (6 µl Triton, 100  µl sheep serum, 19 of 94  µl (1xPBS or 1xTBS)) 14. Blocking for 30minutes at 37 °c in lab (some time 1hour also) Wash the slides thrice in TBS or PBS for 5’ each. Primary antibody in TBS or PBS solution, left overnight at 4 °c (Note: 1:200 dilution for fibronectin 1:500 dilution of Collagen IV). Wash the slides thrice in 1xTBS or 1xPBS Secondary antibody added on slide and keep it for 30’ to 1hour. But parafilm on it. (Note: 1:200 dilution) Wash the slide thrice in 1xTBSor 1XPBS for 5 minutes. Streptovidin HRP (1:200) in 1xTBS or 1xPBS for 20 minutes at Room temperature. Three wash in 1xTBS 5 minutes each. DAB (Till color in Brown) (15 minutes) 23.1xPBS (5minutes) wash 24. Counterstain for 30 seconds with Hematoxylene (Directly put on slide) 25. 1xTBS or PBS immediate wash 26. Dehydrate and dry and mount

Analysis of the Gempei War Essay -- Gempei War Japanese History Essays

Analysis of the Gempei War In May 1180 Prince Mochihito, the son of Retired emperor Go-Shirakawa, issued a statement urging the Minamoto to rise against the Taira. While Mochihito would be killed in June and Minamoto Yorimasa crushed at the Battle of the Uji, a fire had been set. In September Minamoto Yoritomo, who had recieved Mochihito's call from Miyoshi Yasukiyo, set about raising an army in the Province of Izu, where he had been in exile. There was an irony in the preceeding events, as Taira Kiyomori had himself sown the seeds of the war, so the poetic tale goes. His great error, we are told, had been to spare the sons of Minamoto Yoshitomo in the wake of the Heiji disturbance, allowing these three boys - Yoritomo, Noriyori, and Yoshitsune - to mature and form the leadership of a new and dangerous threat. In fact, Yoritomo's own call to arms in the east was recieved cautiously at best. He did manage to kill the local Taira governor, but was defeated at the Battle of Ishibashiyama by Oba Kagechika. In the wake of this hard setback, however, Yoritomo did recieve the valuable additon of Kajiwara Kagetoki to his staff. Elsewhere in the Kanto, local families began to respond to Yoritomo in varying degrees and in Shimosa and elsewhere set about eliminating Kyoto-appointed officals. This often provoked inter-province and occasionally inter-clan civil war, a common and oft-overlooked element of the Gempei War. By the Spring of the following year, Yoritomo could count on at least the tacit support of most of the notable families in the Kanto, although the Chubu, though by now nominally Minamoto dominated, existed beyond his immediate control. Yoritomo's Kanto domain is occasionally referred to as the TÃ ´gaku, and rather then surge forward against the Taira, he contented himself for the time being with consolidating his hold locally. The Taira response to the violence was mixed and uncertain. Kiyomori dispatched his grandson Koremori with an army eastward, but he turned back at the Fuji River in Suruga Province. Closer to home, Taira Tomomori - who would prove the most able of the Taira - had defeated the combined forces of old Minamoto Yorimasa and the warrior monks of the Miidera at the Uji River in late June. To punish the monks for their involvement thus far in the fledgling conflict, Kiyomori ordered the Miidera burned and, a few months later, a nu... ...ted to a degree for the benefit of the audience. In a sense, the specifics of the Gempei War - the battles, armies, and tactics - were secondary to the political arena. The only truly decisive battle, from a 'war-winning' standpoint, was Kurikawa. The famous fights at Ichi no Tani, Yashima, and Dan no Ura were 'nails in the coffin', conducted while Yoritomo himself was busy consolidating his hold over Minamoto occupied Japan. One might even argue daringly that Dan no Ura, which looms so large in Japanese history, was essentially a 'mopping up' operation given legendary and almost Homeric (for lack of a better word) dimensions by the Heike Monogatari's prose. Any one of the three battles mentioned probably paled in significance to the 1184 Court-Minamoto agreement that, if nothing else, paved the way for the Kamakura Bakufu. In the final analysis, many of our questions about the Gempei War - and the years preceding it - will never be conclusively answered due to a simple lack of full historical documentation. At the same time, the 20th Century saw a long-overdue reevaluation of the events leading up to the foundation of the Kamakura Bakufu. Happily, this is an ongoing endeavor.